Covered in this paper:

• Introduction
• The Scope of the Convention
  • Bunker Convention -v- Civil Liability Convention – A comparison
  • Spatial Applicability of the Bunker Convention
  • Definition of “Ship”
  • Definition of “Bunker Oil”
  • Definition of “Pollution Damage”, “Preventive Measures” & “Incident”
  • Time Limits in the Bunker Convention
  • Exclusions from the Application of the Bunker Convention
• The Liability under the Bunker Convention
  • Who is liable?
  • Strict liability
  • Joint & Several Liability
  • Defences to the Shipowner
  • Immunity from other Suit but no Responders' Immunity – Salvors Beware!
  • Shipowner's Right of Recourse
• The Compulsory Liability Insurance & the Direct action against the Insurer
  • Which Ships must be Insured?
  • Who must be Insured?
  • The level of Insurance Cover
  • Evidence of Insurance
  • Consequences if no Insurance is in place
  • Who can provide Insurance Cover?
  • Direct action against the Insurer
• The Limitation of Liability
  • The risk of Unlimited Liability
  • The risk of Undercompensation – Dilution of the Limitation Fund
• Jurisdiction & Enforcement of Judgments
  • Jurisdiction
  • Recognition & Enforcement
• Conclusions

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